What Is Adiaphora? The Stoic Meaning of Indifference and How to Practice It

Why Adiaphora Matters

What is Adiaphora, and why does it matter? In Stoic philosophy, understanding where our priorities lie is everything. And just as important is understanding what doesn’t. That’s where the concept of adiaphora (ἀδιάφορα) comes in.

Adiaphora is the Stoic term for “indifferents”. Those things that lie outside of our moral choice. This includes wealth, health, fame, power, and even our bodies. These things aren’t bad. They’re just not good in the Stoic sense, because they don’t make us virtuous. We could still live a good life if we didn’t have these externals.

In a world filled with distractions and external pressures, the concept of adiaphora invites us to focus on what’s truly under our control. And that’s a superpower.

Breaking Down the Word Adiaphora (ἀδιάφορα) (ἀδιάφορα)

The Greek word adiaphora comes from the prefix a- (not) and diaphora (difference or distinction). Literally, it means “not different” or “not to be distinguished.”

In Stoic terms, adiaphora are things that don’t affect our good soul. They’re neither virtues nor vices. They’re neutral.

This matters because the Stoics argued that only virtue leads to eudaimonia, a life of flourishing. Everything else? It’s an indifferent.

Key Dimensions of Adiaphora

• Preferred Indifferents: Health, wealth, education, and reputation. These are nice to have, but not necessary for virtue.
• Dispreferred Indifferents: Illness, poverty, pain, or obscurity. These are to be avoided when possible, but again, they don’t keep us from living the good life.
• True Indifferents: Things with no intrinsic positive or negative value, like the color of your sandals or what time the sun rises.

Adiaphora and Stoic Principles

• Virtue (ἀρετή): Only virtue is truly good. Indifferents cannot improve or damage our character.
• Reason (λόγος): Rational judgment helps us understand that externals don’t define us.
• Nature (φύσις): To live according to nature is to respond to indifferents in a measured, rational way.
• Wisdom (σοφία): The wise person uses indifferents well but never confuses them with what matters.
• Community (κοινωνία): Indifferents matter only insofar as they support or hinder our ability to live in harmony with others.

Common Misunderstandings

• Adiaphora vs. Apathy: Stoics aren’t cold or detached. Adiaphora doesn’t mean nothing matters; it means we distinguish clearly between what matters morally and what doesn’t.
• Indifference vs. Disengagement: You can care about health, wealth, or loved ones while still seeing them as outside your core identity. And as long as they don’t overpower our moral choice.

Why Adiaphora Is Central to Stoic Practice

Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius all emphasize that freedom begins when we stop tying our identity to external conditions. As Epictetus said:

“Some things are in our control and others not.

Epictetus, Handbook, 1

Adiaphora helps us place external things in their proper category, so we can focus our time and energy where it counts.

The concept of preferred indifferents is also a key aspect that sets the Stoics apart from the Cynics. In Cynicism, virtue was the only good, and nothing else mattered. Better yet, anything that distracted one from virtue was to be avoided.

How to Practice Adiaphora Daily

• Journaling Prompt: What things triggered me today? Were they within my control?
• Daily Filter: Ask yourself, “Is this a preferred indifferent or something I need to let go of?”
• Mental Rehearsal: Imagine losing something you value. Remind yourself: “It is an indifferent. I still have my character.”
• Evening Reflection: Review where you gave too much weight to something neutral. Practice letting go.

Common Questions

What does adiaphora mean in Stoicism? It refers to things that are morally neutral, neither good nor bad in themselves.

Is it possible to not care about externals? Yes, but it’s a practice. It’s not about not caring, it’s about caring in the right way.

Are Stoics emotionless because of adiaphora? Not at all. Stoics feel deeply, but they don’t let externals dominate their moral compass.

Conclusion

Adiaphora isn’t about tuning out the world. It’s about focusing on what matters most. By learning to see externals for what they are, neither good nor bad, we reclaim our agency. We become calmer, clearer, and more grounded.

In a world that constantly pulls our attention outward, adiaphora brings it back to what truly defines us: our choices, our character, and our reason.

Time for action

It’s up to you. When something stirs you today, whether praise, irritation, or disappointment, pause and ask: Is this truly within your control?

If not, practice your indifference. If it is, act with virtue and in accordance with your nature.

Want to explore more Stoic strategies?

Book a free consultation with one of our Stoic Coaches or read the other Stoic Philosophy Terms we have listed. You can also listen to the Via Stoica podcast on Spotify or Apple Podcasts or watch it on YouTube.

Author Bio

Benny Voncken is the co-founder of Via Stoica, where he helps people apply Stoic philosophy to modern life. He is a Stoic coach, writer, and podcast host of The Via Stoica Podcast. With almost a decade of teaching experience and daily Stoic practice, Benny creates resources, workshops, and reflections that make ancient wisdom practical today.